Jones County, Texas
County storm and disaster record · FIPS 48253 · population 19,599 · 929 sq mi
NOAA's Storm Events Database holds 886 records for Jones County, Texas from 1950 through June 30, 2026, on 501 days; the most frequent are hail reports (415 records). The deadliest single record is the September 9, 2020 flood: 2 deaths. FEMA has issued 24 declarations naming the county since 1990, 22 of them for natural hazards; the latest for a natural hazard was “Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding” on May 17, 2024.
The record, 1950 to 2026
Storm records filed for the county each year (2026 to June 30, 2026). Before 1996 NOAA recorded only tornadoes (from 1950), thunderstorm wind and hail (from 1955).
- recorded, no damage figure
- under $100,000
- $100,000 or more
- $1 million or more
- $10 million or more, or a death
- $100 million or more, or 10 deaths
- a year's colour: its recorded damage or deaths
- a year with a death
- 1955: wind and hail recorded from 1955
- 1996: all 48 event types from 1996
- Storm records
- 886on 501 days, 1950 to June 30, 2026
- Deaths recorded
- 326 injuries
- Damage, 2025 dollars
- $147Mas filed (scale steps before 1993)
- Tornadoes
- 88strongest EF3
- FEMA declarations
- 24latest 2024
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, records through June 30, 2026 (file revision 20260918); damage converted to 2025 dollars with the BLS CPI-U. Search the record at NCEI. BLS consumer price index.
What hazards hit Jones County most?
The most frequent records are hail reports: 415 since 1957. 60% of its hail reports since 1957 fell in April and May. The rank column places the county among Texas's counties by days with a record per 1,000 square miles of land over each hazard's complete period.
| Hazard | Records | Days | First, last | Killed | Injured | Damage | Rank in state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hail | 415 | 215 | 1957-2025 | 0 | 0 | $2.6M | 27 of 254 |
| Severe thunderstorm wind | 189 | 133 | 1955-2026 | 0 | 0 | $4.5M | 73 of 254 |
| Tornadoes | 88 | 60 | 1954-2025 | 1 | 25 | $22M | 19 of 254 |
| Drought | 79 | 79 | 1998-2024 | 0 | 0 | $72M | 112 of 254 |
| Winter storms | 53 | 50 | 1996-2026 | 0 | 0 | $13K | 58 of 254 |
| Floods | 38 | 31 | 1996-2025 | 2 | 0 | $45M | 144 of 254 |
| Extreme cold | 9 | 8 | 2007-2026 | 0 | 0 | $227K | 82 of 254 |
| High wind and dust storms | 8 | 7 | 2000-2025 | 0 | 0 | $34K | 94 of 254 |
| Wildfires | 4 | 4 | 2009-2018 | 0 | 1 | $688K | 110 of 254 |
| Hurricanes and tropical storms | 1 | 1 | 2007-2007 | 0 | 0 | – | 108 of 254 |
| Lightning | 1 | 1 | 2012-2012 | 0 | 0 | $26K | 140 of 254 |
| Fog, smoke and funnel clouds | 1 | 1 | 2015-2015 | 0 | 0 | – | 155 of 254 |
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database (county and forecast-zone records attributed to the county; a zone record shows its own totals on each county it covers). Days: dates with at least one record of the hazard in the county. Ranks: days with a record per 1,000 square miles of land (Census Bureau 2024 Gazetteer), since 1950 for tornadoes, 1955 for hail and thunderstorm wind, 1996 for the rest.
How many tornadoes has Jones County had?
NOAA records 88 tornadoes in Jones County from 1954 to 2025, the strongest rated EF3, with 1 death and 25 injuries recorded in the county. That is 19th of 254 Texas counties and 245th of 3,080 U.S. counties by days with tornadoes per 1,000 square miles since 1950. A tornado that crossed a county line is counted in each county it touched, with the length of its path inside the county.
Counted as whole tornadoes rather than county records, the Storm Prediction Center's database holds 88 tornadoes whose track touched Jones County since 1950 (NOAA's county records number 88, the same count); along their whole tracks they killed 1 person.
| Date | Tornado | Rating | Path | Killed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1962-05-25 18:50, as SPC files it | Unnamed | F3 | 4.1 mi | 1 |
| 2024-05-02 18:06, as SPC files it | Hawley | EF3 | 3.29 mi | 0 |
| 1990-05-14 17:48, as SPC files it | Unnamed | F3 | 0.2 mi | 0 |
| 1976-05-26 15:00, as SPC files it | Unnamed | F3 | 1 mi | 0 |
| 1976-05-25 14:53, as SPC files it | Unnamed | F3 | 20.3 mi | 0 |
| 1965-05-15 16:00, as SPC files it | Abilene | F3 | 9.3 mi | 0 |
Map of the strongest tornado tracks in Texas.
Every tornado record filed for Jones County (88)
| Date | Place | Character | Killed | Injured | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025-05-25 | Stamford, Jones County | EFU 0.91 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2024-05-02 | Boyds Chapel, Jones County | EFU 0.76 mi x 100 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2024-05-02 | Hawley, Jones County | EF3 3.29 mi x 210 yd | 0 | 4 | – |
| 2023-06-11 | New Hope, Jones County | EFU 0.43 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2023-05-23 | Funston, Jones County | EF2 4.61 mi x 700 yd | 0 | 2 | – |
| 2020-03-19 | Hamby, Jones County | EF2 4.62 mi x 135 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2019-05-18 | Abilene, Jones County | EF0 6.43 mi x 550 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2017-03-28 | New Hope, Jones County | EF0 4.68 mi x 100 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2017-03-28 | Hawley, Jones County | EF0 4.5 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2011-04-21 | Stith, Jones County | EF1 4.96 mi x 200 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2011-04-21 | Hodges, Jones County | EF0 0.1 mi x 100 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2009-06-13 | Stamford Arledge Arp, Jones County | EF0 0.02 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2008-04-23 | New Hope, Jones County | EF0 6.11 mi x 300 yd | 0 | 0 | $16K |
| 2008-04-23 | Stith, Jones County | EF0 0.1 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2008-04-23 | Anson, Jones County | EF0 0.1 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2007-04-23 | Hodges, Jones County | EF0 0.68 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2006-05-05 | Hawley, Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 20 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2004-06-12 | Funston, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 20 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2004-05-13 | Hawley, Jones County | F0 0.5 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2004-05-13 | Neinda, Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 20 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2003-05-15 | Abilene, Jones County | F0 0.3 mi x 20 yd | 0 | 0 | $2K |
| 2002-06-04 | Stamford, Jones County | F0 1 mi x 150 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2002-05-07 | Hawley, Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 20 yd | 0 | 0 | $2K |
| 1999-05-25 | Hamlin, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1997-06-16 | Lueders, Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 25 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1997-06-16 | Stamford, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 15 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1997-06-14 | Hawley, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 15 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1997-06-11 | Lueders, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 15 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1997-06-11 | Anson, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 15 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1996-05-30 | Stamford, Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 90 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1995-07-02 | Hawley, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | $77K |
| 1994-05-11 | Lake Fort Phantom, Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1991-05-02 | Jones County | F2 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | $25K step |
| 1990-05-14 | Jones County | F1 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1990-05-14 | Jones County | F1 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1990-05-14 | Jones County | F3 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 2 | – |
| 1990-05-14 | Jones County | F2 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 3 | – |
| 1990-05-14 | Jones County | F1 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1990-05-14 | Jones County | F2 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 2 | – |
| 1990-05-14 | Jones County | F2 2 mi x 100 yd | 0 | 2 | $250K step |
| 1990-04-05 | Jones County | F2 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1989-05-16 | Jones County | F1 1 mi x 100 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1989-05-13 | Jones County | F2 1.5 mi x 150 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1989-05-12 | Jones County | F1 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1989-05-12 | Jones County | F1 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1989-05-12 | Jones County | F1 3 mi x 100 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1989-05-12 | Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1988-06-01 | Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1988-06-01 | Jones County | F1 1 mi x 73 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1987-06-12 | Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1987-05-28 | Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1986-06-16 | Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1986-05-13 | Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1986-04-19 | Jones County | F0 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1985-04-28 | Jones County | F2 3.5 mi x 400 yd | 0 | 0 | $25K step |
| 1983-06-05 | Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 17 yd | 0 | 0 | $30 step |
| 1983-06-05 | Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 17 yd | 0 | 0 | $30 step |
| 1983-06-05 | Jones County | F0 0.1 mi x 17 yd | 0 | 4 | $3K step |
| 1983-05-10 | Jones County | F1 0.1 mi x 17 yd | 0 | 0 | $30 step |
| 1983-05-10 | Jones County | F1 0.1 mi x 17 yd | 0 | 0 | $30 step |
A damage figure marked "step" is a record from before 1993: NOAA then filed damage by category, and the figure is the category as entered, in the dollars of that year, not an estimate of the loss.
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, tornado records by county (path length in the county, maximum width); ratings as published: F scale before February 1, 2007, EF scale after. Whole-track figures: NOAA Storm Prediction Center tornado database (1950-2025). SPC severe weather database.
When was the last damaging storm in Jones County?
The most recent record with damage, injuries or deaths is the May 2, 2024 tornado (4 injuries).
The tornado was part of a cyclical supercell moving southeastward through Jones County just west of US-277. The tornado that produced damage dropped just north of CR-460 and moved southeast before causing damage to metal outbuildings on two properties. It continued southeast then turned to the south-southwest where it damaged a home and snapped some trees and wooden power poles. It continued southwestward before completely destroying a home that was under construction. It also threw several trucks and a trailer about 100 yards before crossing CR-458. Continuing southwestward, the tornado completely destroyed another house and injured a family of four. The tornado made one more turn southeastward where it hit a small neighborhood. In the neighborhood, it caused roof damage to a few homes and outbuildings. …
National Weather Service event narrative, NOAA Storm Events Database (search the full record, event 1187506)
| Date | Record | Character | Killed | Injured | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-04-01 | Thunderstorm WindStamford, Jones County | 65 kt wind | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2026-01-26 | Extreme Cold/Wind ChillJones County · forecast zone Jones | 0 | 0 | – | |
| 2026-01-23 | Winter StormJones County · forecast zone Jones | 0 | 0 | – | |
| 2025-07-08 | Thunderstorm WindStamford Arledge Arp, Jones County | 51 kt wind | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2025-06-15 | Thunderstorm WindStamford Arledge Arp, Jones County | 60 kt wind | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2025-06-08 | HailNoodle, Jones County | 1.00 in hail | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2025-06-08 | Flash FloodHodges, Jones County | 0 | 0 | – | |
| 2025-06-08 | Thunderstorm WindStamford Arledge Arp, Jones County | 75 kt wind | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2025-05-25 | TornadoStamford, Jones County | EFU 0.91 mi x 50 yd | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2025-05-25 | Thunderstorm WindAvoca, Jones County | 61 kt wind | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2025-05-25 | Thunderstorm WindStamford Arledge Arp, Jones County | 66 kt wind | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2025-05-25 | Thunderstorm WindStamford, Jones County | 65 kt wind | 0 | 0 | – |
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database; every record of 2025-2026 is listed, earlier ones when they caused deaths, injuries or $250,000 of damage (2025 dollars), and every tornado.
The deadliest and costliest records
| Date | Record | Character | Killed | Injured | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-09-09 | FloodFunston, Jones County Very heavy rains fell in a short time between 530 and 630 PM CDT, on September 8, and resulted in flash flooding across Jones County. On Wednesday September 9th, 2020, the Jones County Sheriff's Office responded to an abandoned vehicle call near FM1226 and County Road 266 on Red Mud Creek. The Sheriff said these ... | 2 | 0 | – | |
| 1962-05-25 | TornadoJones County | F3 4.1 mi x 67 yd | 1 | 1 | $25K step |
| 2024-05-02 | TornadoHawley, Jones County The tornado was part of a cyclical supercell moving southeastward through Jones County just west of US-277. The tornado that produced damage dropped just north of CR-460 and moved southeast before causing damage to metal outbuildings on two properties. It continued southeast then turned to the south-southwest where it ... | EF3 3.29 mi x 210 yd | 0 | 4 | – |
| 1983-06-05 | TornadoJones County | F0 0.1 mi x 17 yd | 0 | 4 | $3K step |
| 1990-05-14 | TornadoJones County | F2 0.2 mi x 10 yd | 0 | 3 | – |
| 1955-04-05 | TornadoJones County | F2 2.7 mi x 67 yd | 0 | 3 | $250K step |
| 2023-05-23 | TornadoFunston, Jones County A supercell thunderstorm moving slowly southward through eastern Jones County produced a weak tornado 2 miles east of Funston around 9:13pm. Very little, if any, damage occurred during this phase of the event. At about 9:40pm, the tornado was moving southwestward before it was intercepted by an eastward-moving bow ... | EF2 4.61 mi x 700 yd | 0 | 2 | – |
| 1990-05-14 | TornadoJones County | F2 2 mi x 100 yd | 0 | 2 | $250K step |
A damage figure marked "step" is a record from before 1993: NOAA then filed damage by category, and the figure is the category as entered, in the dollars of that year, not an estimate of the loss.
| Date | Record | Character | Killed | Injured | Damage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998-08-01 | DroughtJones County · forecast zone Jones | 0 | 0 | $72M | |
| 2007-08-18 | Flash FloodHamlin, Jones County | 0 | 0 | $36M | |
| 2018-10-17 | FloodRadium, Jones County | 0 | 0 | $7.3M | |
| 1998-06-20 | HailHamlin, Jones County | 2.50 in hail | 0 | 0 | $1.8M |
| 1998-06-20 | Thunderstorm WindHamlin, Jones County | 0 | 0 | $1.8M | |
| 2002-07-06 | Flash FloodCountywide, Jones County | 0 | 0 | $1.6M | |
| 1994-02-19 | Thunderstorm WindHodges, Jones County | 0 | 0 | $995K | |
| 2009-01-22 | WildfireJones County · forecast zone Jones | 0 | 1 | $688K |
Before 1993 NOAA filed damage by category, not amount, so the list above starts in 1993. The highest category filed here before then (entered as $2.5M, in the dollars of the day) holds: May 25, 1976 (tornado, Jones County).
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database: deaths and injuries direct and indirect; damage is property plus crops as estimated by the National Weather Service, converted to 2025 dollars.
Is it getting more frequent?
Records per decade for Jones County's most frequent hazards. Counts rose everywhere after 1996, when NOAA began recording every event type, so compare decades within a hazard's complete period only (the shaded cells come before it).
| Hazard | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | 2020-26 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hail | 3 | 12 | 10 | 46 | 84 | 96 | 105 | 59 |
| Severe thunderstorm wind | 2 | 6 | 9 | 23 | 34 | 34 | 57 | 24 |
| Tornadoes | 7 | 11 | 6 | 23 | 18 | 12 | 5 | 6 |
| Drought | – | – | – | – | 2 | 6 | 50 z | 21 |
| Winter storms | – | – | – | – | 3 | 20 | 20 | 10 |
| Floods | – | – | – | – | 5 | 22 | 7 | 4 |
Drought in the 2010s: 50 records against 6 in the decade before, 50 of them forecast-zone records. Cells marked z rose mostly through zone records. The local National Weather Service office files these once per forecast zone, so a change in how it draws its zones or splits a storm into records moves this count as much as the weather does; read it beside the Jones County days with a record above.
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, records per calendar decade; zone records from the CZ_TYPE field (Z).
What time of year?
60% of its hail reports since 1957 fell in April and May. The two busiest months are in violet.
The values, month by month
Jan 20 · Feb 38 · Mar 54 · Apr 167 · May 265 · Jun 187 · Jul 27 · Aug 33 · Sep 28 · Oct 28 · Nov 18 · Dec 21 (records).
Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, records by the month they began.
Federal disaster declarations for Jones County
FEMA's register lists 24 declarations that include Jones County: 16 major disasters, 7 emergencies and one fire management assistance declaration. Most were for severe storm (6) and flood (5).
| Declared | Number | Type | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-05-17 | DR-4781 | Flood | Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, Tornadoes, and Flooding |
| 2021-02-19 | DR-4586 | Severe Ice Storm | Severe Winter Storms |
| 2021-02-14 | EM-3554 | Severe Ice Storm | Severe Winter Storm |
| 2020-03-25 | DR-4485 | Biological | Covid-19 Pandemic |
| 2020-03-13 | EM-3458 | Biological | Covid-19 |
| 2019-02-25 | DR-4416 | Flood | Severe Storms and Flooding |
| 2018-04-14 | FM-5234 | Fire | 335 Fire |
| 2016-04-25 | DR-4269 | Flood | Severe Storms and Flooding |
| 2016-02-09 | DR-4255 | Severe Storm | Severe Winter Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds, and Flooding |
| 2015-05-29 | DR-4223 | Severe Storm | Severe Storms, Tornadoes, Straight-Line Winds and Flooding |
| 2011-07-01 | DR-1999 | Fire | Wildfires |
| 2008-03-14 | EM-3284 | Fire | Wildfires |
| 2007-10-02 | DR-1730 | Severe Storm | Tropical Storm Erin |
| 2007-06-29 | DR-1709 | Severe Storm | Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding |
| 2006-01-11 | DR-1624 | Fire | Extreme Wildfire Threat |
| 2005-09-24 | DR-1606 | Hurricane | Hurricane Rita |
| 2005-09-21 | EM-3261 | Hurricane | Hurricane Rita |
| 2005-09-02 | EM-3216 | Hurricane | Hurricane Katrina Evacuation |
| 2002-07-04 | DR-1425 | Flood | Severe Storms and Flooding |
| 1999-09-01 | EM-3142 | Fire | Extreme Fire Hazards |
| 1998-08-26 | DR-1239 | Severe Storm | Tropical Storm Charley |
| 1993-09-10 | EM-3113 | Drought | Extreme Fire Hazard |
| 1991-12-26 | DR-930 | Flood | Severe Thunderstorms |
| 1990-05-02 | DR-863 | Severe Storm | Severe Storms, Tornadoes & Flooding |
Source: FEMA OpenFEMA Disaster Declarations Summaries (v2), declarations through October 2, 2026; one declaration is counted once however many areas it names. OpenFEMA dataset page.
How many floods has Jones County had?
NOAA's Storm Events Database holds 38 flood or flash flood records for Jones County from 1996 to 2025, on 31 days, with 2 deaths. By flood insurance claims since 1978 (OpenFEMA, as of September 8, 2026), Jones County ranks 1214th of 2,942 U.S. counties.
| Storm | Began | Records | Deaths in the county |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tropical Storm Erin | 2007-08-18 | 1 | 0 |
The National Flood Insurance Program has paid $4.0 million on 119 claims filed in Jones County; the most in one year was 30 in 2007. Claims count insured losses only: uninsured flood damage is not in this file.
The values, year by year
1980: 22 · 1982: 12 · 1985: 1 · 1987: 1 · 1990: 2 · 1991: 2 · 1992: 11 · 1994: 1 · 1997: 1 · 1999: 1 · 2005: 6 · 2006: 1 · 2007: 30 · 2016: 8 · 2019: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2021: 16 · 2023: 1 · 2024: 1; the other years: 0.
Source: FEMA OpenFEMA NFIP Redacted Claims, as of September 8, 2026; claims by year of loss, payments in the dollars of the year paid. OpenFEMA dataset page.
FEMA's modeled risk for Jones County
FEMA's National Risk Index rates Jones County Very Low overall, with an expected annual loss of $8.9 million. These are FEMA's model estimates of future loss from 18 hazards, not a count of what happened; they can differ from the record above.
| Hazard | Risk rating | Expected annual loss | Modeled frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hail | Relatively Moderate | $1.5M | 5.5 a year (modeled) |
| Drought | Relatively Moderate | $1.1M | 80 modeled event-days a year |
| Strong Wind | Relatively Moderate | $475K | 2 a year (modeled) |
| Wildfire | Relatively Low | $533K | once in about 330 years (modeled) |
| Winter Weather | Relatively Low | $60K | 5.8 a year (modeled) |
| Heat Wave | Relatively Low | $353K | 10 modeled event-days a year |
| Tornado | Relatively Low | $1.1M | once in about 2 years (modeled) |
| Riverine Flooding | Relatively Low | $3.6M | 1.1 a year (modeled) |
Source: FEMA National Risk Index, county table, December 2025 release. FEMA's National Risk Index map.
Counties that share a border with Jones County
Source: U.S. Census Bureau county adjacency file; NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, records since 1950. The Census Bureau's adjacency file.
Next
- Tornadoes in TexasEvery Texas tornado since 1950 and the counties with the most per square mile
- Hail in TexasThe state's hail reports, by county, year and month
- The Texas recordEvery hazard in the state, its deadliest events and its federal declarations
- FEMA's risk rating for each hazard in Jones CountyThe hazard risk calculator: 18 hazards beside the county's record
- Download Jones County's FEMA declarations (CSV)24 rows: every declaration that named the county, for your own analysis